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Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content from about 0.05 up to 2.1 percent by weight. The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states:no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect;the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40%;or the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65%; silicon 0.60%; copper 0.60%.
Carbon steel is broken down into four classes based on carbon content:
Low-carbon steel: 0.05 to 0.15% carbon (plain carbon steel) content.
Medium-carbon steel: Approximately 0.3–0.5% carbon content.Balances ductility and strength and has good wear resistance; used for large parts, forging and automotive components.
High-carbon steel: Approximately 0.6 to 1.0% carbon content. Very strong, used for springs, edged tools, and high-strength wires.
Ultra-high-carbon steel: Approximately 1.25–2.0% carbon content. Steels that can be tempered to great hardness. Used for special purposes like (non-industrial-purpose) knives, axles, and punches. Most steels with more than 2.5% carbon content are made using powder metallurgy.
| Steel type | Maximum forging temperature | Burning temperature | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (°F) | (°C) | (°F) | (°C) | |
| 1.5% carbon | 1,920 | 1,049 | 2,080 | 1,140 |
| 1.1% carbon | 1,980 | 1,082 | 2,140 | 1,171 |
| 0.9% carbon | 2,050 | 1,121 | 2,230 | 1,221 |
| 0.5% carbon | 2,280 | 1,249 | 2,460 | 1,349 |
| 0.2% carbon | 2,410 | 1,321 | 2,680 | 1,471 |
| 3.0% nickel steel | 2,280 | 1,249 | 2,500 | 1,371 |
| 3.0% nickel–chromium steel | 2,280 | 1,249 | 2,500 | 1,371 |
| 5.0% nickel (case-hardening) steel | 2,320 | 1,271 | 2,640 | 1,449 |
| Chromium-vanadium steel | 2,280 | 1,249 | 2,460 | 1,349 |
| High-speed steel | 2,370 | 1,299 | 2,520 | 1,385 |
| Stainless steel | 2,340 | 1,282 | 2,520 | 1,385 |
| Austenitic chromium–nickel steel | 2,370 | 1,299 | 2,590 | 1,420 |
| Silico-manganese spring steel | 2,280 | 1,249 | 2,460 | 1,350 |
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